Photoelectric photometer



NOV 22,1938. H. F. TNNIES 2,137,466

PHOTOELEGTRIC PHOTOMETER Filed Nov. 19, 01955 f -3 sheets-sheet 1 NOV- 22, 1938e H. F. TNNlEs 2,137,466

PHOTOELECTRIG -PHOTGMETER Filed Nov. 19, i935 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Sii ` y Patented Nov. 22, 17938 rno'rostsc'rnlc rno'roMETEa Hans Ferdinand Tnnles, Grosstlottbek.' near Hamburg, Germany Application November 19, 1935, Serial No. 50,598 In Germany June 6, 1933 9 Claims.

` The present invention relates to photoelectric photometers, that is to say phctometerswhich are y provided with a photoelectric cell connected to a galvanometer and which serve the purpose of measuring the intensity of the light included in a cone or fan of light rays having a definite magnitude. The invention is particularly advantageously applicable for photometers having a photoelectric cell which automatically converts light energy into electric energy Without the aid of an electric battery. The invention can be employed for all photometers serving for the measurement of the intensity of the ray included in a cone of light rays as aforesaid, for example for photcmeters by means of which the time of exposure for taining photographs is estimated.

In order to measure only the intensity of those light rays which are included in a cone having a denite magnitude, it is necessary-to arrange in front of the photoelectri'c cell some form of screen or stop which cuts oir or screens od from the pliotoelectric cell all the rays which form a larger angle with the axis, i. e., which emanate from a point located too far onone side. For this purpose, it has hitherto been proposed to employ an `open front chamber or a number of such chambers located side by side, arranged in iront of the photoelectric cell. lt has been proposed to use a lens similar to a camera lens to 3c form upon the cell-an image of the scene to be photographed. l

These prior systems for restricting the angular spread of the active light rays have complicated the problem oi producing ay photometer which satisiled the conflicting design requirements of small sine and high sensitivity. The cost of a wide angle lens of short focal length for focusing the scene upon the cell is prohibitive, and a lens of small aperture reduces the'sensitivity by blocking cd useful light rays. The size ofl the apparatus increases with the focal length of the imageforming lens and, so far as I know, there has been no commercial use of such lenses in a photometer. I'ihe multiple chamber baille system canbe so designed as to add little or'nothing to the size of a photocell and measuring instrument combination. but the walls of the chambers intercept a material part of the lightrays that fall within the desired light beam and thus reduce the sensitivityof the photometer.

An Aobject of this invention is to `vrprovide a small and eiilcient photometer of thev type including a cell, a.V measuring instrument and a `lens or optical' system for restricting the angular 5c 'spread of the cone of light which reaches the cell.

An object is to provide a photometer in which an optical system and a mechanical baille system cooperate to restrict the active light rays to a predetermined angular spread, the systems being so related as to combine the advantages of 5 small size and high sensitivity. Further objects are to provide photometers including light-restricting systems in the form of `one or more units, each unit comprising a baille chamber and an associated lens; the multiple unit construcn tions being either spaced units or a multiple chamber baille and a multiple lens plate. A further object is to provide a photometer or `exposure meter incorporated in a camera, the lightrestricting system comprising a plurality of sepw arate cell, baie chamber and lens units located in dead spaces withinthe camera box and all associated with a single measuring instrument.

Further specic objectsare to provide small compact photometers that include a cell. a measuring instrument, and a single baille chamber and non-aplanatic lens for restricting the angular spread of the active light rays.

rlhese and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following specification when taken with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figs. 1 to 9 are somewhat diagrammatic views illustrating three forms of theinvention in whichI a multiple lens plate forms, or forms part of, the light-restricting system of a photometer;

Fig. l0 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the increase of light intensity at the cell which is obtained through use of the invention;

Fig. 1l. is a diagrammatic side view of another 35 form of multiple lens system embodying the invention;

Fig. l2 is an end elevation of an exposure meter embodying the invention;

"Fig 13 is a side elevation, with parts in section, i0 oiA the same;

Fig. ii is a sectional view, as taken on line llt-Mini Fig. l5, of a camera which includes an exposure meter; p

Fig. l5 is an end elevation of the same;

Fig. 16 is an end elevation of a camera provided with an exposure meter having a. lens plate of the general type shown in Figs. 1 to 9 and 11;

Figs. 17, 18 and 19 are diagrammatic views of a single baille chamber and single lens construction; and Y Figs. 20 and 21 are sectional views of photbmeters that include lightrestricting elements such as shown in Figs. 17 to 19.

In the constructional form illustrated in Figs. 1 55 to 3, a lens plate 2 and a screen or multiple chamber baille 3 are arranged in front of a photoelectric cell I which, preferably, is of the barrier layer or current-generating type, and has the terminals thereof connected directly to a sensitive current measuring instrument I. The front surface .ofthe Alens plate is..p1ane, ,and-the rear surfacejis vmaideup "of a nuniber'ofjlens surfaces located adjacent to one another and alined with the individual chambers of the screen 3. shownin Fig. 2, the chambers are in struction of quadrangular form. A

By means of the lens surfacesof the plate. 2 in combination with the walls of the chambers the result is obtained that all the rays of light which have an angle of incidence exceeding a definite permissible angle are prevented fromI reaching the photoelectric cell. The magnitude of the permissible angle is preferably such as to agree approximately with the angle of the image of' an ordinary photographic camera, so that only those rays can reach the photoelectric cellwhich would also act` to the film in the camera, while all rays having a greater angle of incidence are kept away from the photoelectric cell in order to prevent faulty indications of the time of exposure.

Fig. 3 illustrates the optical cooperation of the lens plate and the chambers. 'I'he light rays, a, b and c represent those rays of light which have the greatest inclination to the axis A--B permissible for allowing their admission to the photoelectric cell. The said rays may, for example, be at an angle of 39 to the said axis A-B. The ray a is very considerably refracted by the rear surface of the lens plate according to the sine law, while the ray b is refr-acted to a lesser extent and the ray c to a still lesser extent. 'I'hese rays do not strike the chamber walls but are admitted to the photoelectric cell. The rays a', b', and c form a somewhat larger angle with the axis A-B, for example 40. The curvature of the lens surfaces in relation to (1) the index of refraction of the transparent material o f which the lens plate is composed, and (2) the distance of the front surface of the lens plate from the photoelectric cell is made such that the rays a', b and c cannot strike upon the photoelectric cell, inasmuch as they are either totally reflected from the lens surfaces, as indicated for the ray a', or fall upon the partition wall of a chamber and are screened of! by this latter, as indicated for the rays b' and c'.

The lenses and chambers are preferably made of hexagonal shape, inasmuch as this shape is the one (when a number of shapes are to be arranged adjacent to one another) which appronmates most closely to the circular shape. and inasmuch as the angles are better illuminated than in the case of shapes having fewer and consequently more acute angles. In the constructional form shown in Figs. 4 to 6 there is arranged infront of the photoelectric cell a lens plate 2d, the front side oi' which is provided with curved lens surfaces, while the rear side is at. In the said rear side the depressions 5 are formed by pressing, which depressions may be filled with a material non-transparent to light. The optical eifect obtained is illustrated in Fig. 6. The rays a. b' and c are at the permissible angle to the axis AB. 4 'Ihe ray a is again very highly re- -fracted according to the sine law from the rear side of the plate 2a, whilethe rays b and c are less strongly retracted.v The rays a', b' and c areatananglewhichexceedsthepermissible one and are accordingly either totally reflected by the rear surface of the lens plate or trapped by the intermediate partitions 5.

'I'he constructional form which is the most important one in practice is illustrated in Figs.

.7 to 9. In this constructional form, the lensv plate 2b is provided both on thev front side and alsopn the rear l`side with lens surfaces. 1 If the curvatures of the lens surfaces onthe front and rear sides respectively are correctly calculated, of course, taking into consideration the distance of the peaksof ,the lens surfaces from one another and the indexl of refraction of the plate, the result can be attained that nearly all the rays which make'a greater angle with the axis A--B than the permissible one are totally reflected `from the rear side of the plate and do not reach the photoelectric cell.

The rays a, b and c are at a permissible angle to the axis A B of, for example, 39, and, after being strongly retracted by the surface 6, reach the photoelectric cell. The rays a', b' and c', on the other hand, exceed the permissible angle by, for example 1 and are consequently totally reflected by the surface 6 so that they cannot reach the photoelectric cell.

By means of the above-'described arrangements, a substantially increased illumination of the photoelectric cell and consequently an increase of the eiciency of the photometers are obtained, so that measurements may, for example, be carried out even in comparatively dark places. 'Ihe cause of this eiect is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 10.

The light ray a is retracted by the surface 6 in such manner that it arrives at the point 7. As is shown in Fig. 9 the incident ray having a greater angle of inclination is totally reflected. If the lens plate 2b were not provided the ray would arrive at the point 8. In order to screen oil incident rays of greater inclination from the photoelectric cell, paritions 9, I Il would have to be provided. The photoelectric cell would therefore have to be arranged at II, while in the other case, it may be arranged at I2. As the photoelectric cell when arranged at II is located at a greater distance from the light admission opening than when it is arranged at I2, it is therefore less strongly illuminated at II than at I2. The ratio between the intensity of illumination on the photoelectric cell at II and that at I2 is approximately inversely proportional to the ratio between the square of the distance d and the square of the reduced distance e'. 'I'he reduced' distance e' is calculated according to the Gullstrand law by dividing the distance e by the coeillcient of refraction of the medium (i. e. of the Plate 2).v The reduced distance e is thus obtained from the formula I Q ex- The degrees of illumination in the planes I2 and II are thus in the ratio of dz to e". It, for example. the distance d=47 (in any units) and the distance e=32, so that e'=21, then i. e. the degree of illumination at 12 is about five times as large as at 11. By this calculation Aonly approximately correct gures are abtained.

. chambers.

istent both in thev lens plate and in the chamber screening device. The lens plate operates, howevenirom the practical point of view difierently, inasmuch as it utilizes almost without loss all the rays incuded in a light cone of definite angular magnitude, while in the case of the chamber screening device, only those rays which are yexactly axial can be fully utilized, the rays coming from the sides being screened oil to a greater or less extent by the partitions of the By the use of the lens plate, all the permissible rays are thus utilized and only the undesired rays are screened ofi, whereas in the case ci the chamber screening device only a part of the permissible rays is utilized. while the permissible inclined rays coming from the object to be photographed are unnecessarily screened oil to a greater or less extent according to their inclination and therefore are not measured.

The lens surface may be spherical or aspherical. In Figs. 9 and l0, for example. a rear surface t of aspherical form is shown.

lib

It is also possible to use refracting surfaces ci a diierent kind arranged adjacent to one an other, such as cylindrical or prismatic surfaces.

The invention may also be applied in the manner illustrated in Fig. 11 wherein two lens plates I5. it are arranged in front of the photoelectric cell.

The lens plate may be made of pressed glass or other suitable material. It is particularly advantageous to make it of transparent organic material such as, for example, artificial resin, Celluleid-like material, or hardened gelatine, inasmuch as the lens elements may be produced particularly sharply and accurately in such material. The comparatively small lens elements `cannot be manufactured so well with the necessary accuracy from pressed glass.

The depressions or channels in the transparent lens plate may also be arranged on the front sldeinstead of on the rear side. The lens surfaces on the rear side of the plate will then form preferably concave planes.

`il. convenient structural arrangement lor a complete photoineter or exposure meter is illus,n trated in Figs. l2 and 13. The particular lightrestricting means illustrated in these views combines a lens plate lil of the plano-convex type shown in Figs. l and 6 with a separate bame chamber or compartment structure 2i such as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. These elements and the current-generating photoelectric cell C are mounted at one end of the cylindrical casing 22 which houses a sensitive electrical measuring instrument that has terminals 2t Aconnected to the bach electrode 2t and outer electrode 25, respectively, of the photocell C. The pointer P and scale plate S oi the instrument are visible through an opening in the other end of the casing 2l. It is to be understood that various forms of light-restrictingmeans such as shown in Figs. 1 to l1, inclusive, may be incorporated in structures of the general type shown in Figs. 12 and 13.

If the lenses are not formed by a plate but represent single lenses, these single lenses may be kept in position by a plate of non-transparent material or other mechanical means, or the lenses may be located more remote from each other in front of single photoelectrlc cells which are apart from each other, but form an electric unity. This latter arrangement may be useful and preierred under. certain conditions, `for example, in order to supply a photographic or cinematographic camera with it, because every spare place of it may be made use of by single lenses before single photocells, the latter forming a electric unity.

A combined camera a'nd exposure meter which includes a plurality of separate cells is illustrated in Figs. 14 and 15. The camera casing 2t, the guides 2l for a nlm or plate holder and the lens and shutter structure 2B may be of any appropriate form and, as shown by the broken lineslt, there is a substantial space within the camera casing which is not traversed by the light rays which form the image upon the negative. A The lens 3D of the view finder is'located in this space, and also a plurality ofyphotocell units which are all electrically .connected in parallel to the measuring instrument 3l. Each cell unit includes a vphotocell C and light-restricting means such as a tube 32 which forms a charnber having a cross-section substantially corre--V sponding to the shape and size of the outer electrede or the cell, and a lens 33 vwhich extends across the entire outer end of the tube. Certain of these units are shown as separately secured to the camera casing 2lil and others are shown as mounted upon an opaque mounting plate tt which is fixed to the camera casing. When a plurality of units are mounted on a single plate, the electrical connections of the several photocell units may be simplified by connecting all units to a single set of terminals 3%, which terminals are in turn connected to the instrument 3l.

As shown in Fig. 16, a single assembly 36 of a plurality of lenses may be usedwhen the camera casing is of such design as to provide ample clear space for asingle photocell assembly having a current output sumcient to actuate the measuring instrument 3l. The cell and lightrestricting means may take any of the described forms.

Each of the illustrated forms of the invention is distinguished from the previously suggested arrangement of a single lens bythe fact that the novel optical systems provide an exceedingly compact assembly of high current output. Ac-

cording to `the prior proposals, the lens of the exposure meter simulated the lens of the camera and formed an image of the scene on the photoelectric cell., Devices of this type are of relatively large size and the conversion of light en ergy into electrical energy, per unit area of the photocell, is ineilicient. The lens or lens and baille chamber system of this invention provides a high current output per unit cell area, since the active area of the cell or cells and the area of light-admitting opening or openings are substantially equal and the cell or cells are closely adjacent the opening Ior openings. The invention therefore decreases the size of the photoelectric system of the photometer and also increases its efficiency.

It is to be noted that action oi' the multiple lens plate is not dependent upon the formation of images upon the .cell and that, whether used alone or in `combination with a multiple compartment baille, the light-restricting system is of substantially less axial lengththan in any prior constructions. The lenses are preferably formed as a single pressed plate which is of transparent material when used for visible light rays or ot non-trarsparent material when used for nonvisible rays, such as infra-red or ultra-violet rays.

'lhe principal advantage o! the lens plate is that the total quantity of light reaching the cell from the predetermined cone o! light is, inimyl times greater than the total quantity when the light-restricting system is formed as a multiple chamber baille. When the lens plate is so designed that a mechanical baille is unnecessary, the construction is simpliiled and a further increase in the total quantity of light is obtained. The lens plate maybe very thin so that a complete photometer may be oi' very tlat construction and easily transported, or the photometer can be arranged in or on a camera without substantially increasing the bulk of the latter. The

ilat construction of the light-restricting system makes it possible, without increasing the total bulk above that oi' prior photometers, to increase the cell area and thus obtain a further increase in the eillciency of the photometer.

While the reduction in size, with an accompanying increase in the emciency, is particularly 1 striking when a multiple lens plate is used with or as a substitute for a multiple compartment' screen, the invention is also applicable to photometers of the type in which only a single compartment is used to screen4 undesired rays from the cell. The length oi' the lens and bame chamber combination is substantially less than that of known arrangements in which a cell oi' the same size as the lens is placed at the focal plane o! the lens. about the image angle oi' the average camera, the image-forming lens of the prior constructions ls much larger than the lens contemplated by this invention and must be spaced at a greater distance from the cell.

In the diagrammatic view, Fig. 17, the solid lines represent the construction required, and the paths of light rays, when the walls of a tubular chamber constitute the only light-restricting means, and the dotted lines indicate the changes in construction, also the paths of rays. when the lens is added. When the cell C is located at the bottom of a chamber formed by the tubular walls 38, and parallel light rays a, b, c that make the maximum permissible angle a to the axis A-B, it is apparent that the cell C must be spaced so far from the open end of the tubular chamber that ray u touches the junction of the cell and the lower wall 3l. With the cell thus located at the plane EE, rays passing through the open end of the chamber at an angle greater than a will strike the lower wall. 'I'he length oi the chamber will be greater than the diameter or height in the case of a camera image angle of less than 45.

According to the invention, a lens 3l is arranged across the open end oi' the chamber to cooperate with walls 3l to restrict the angular spread of the active cone of light rays. The lens may be a simple plano-convex lens having a focal plane FF that. lies beyond plane EE and, both for economy and greater ei'ilciency, the lens is preferably non-aplanzitic. Certain optical eii'ects permit movement of the cell C forward to a point much closer to the open end of the chamber. If the lens 30 were aplanatic, the rays a, c woud be retracted as shown by broken lines a1, c; but, due to the spherical aberration of a heavily curved lens causes the rays to take the paths indicated by dotted lines an, cz, respectively.

'lhe cell C may now be moved forward to plane 'For the same angular spread equal to..

' mames E'E', i. e. the intersection of retracted ray a: with the lower wall Il. Designating the distance from lens Il toplanes EE and EE' as M, N, respectivelv, it can be shown by mathematical analysis that the relative light intensities at these planes correspond very closely to the ratio of Nz to M?. Ii', lor example, M is equal to 5.5 cm. and N is equal to 3 cm., the ratio is M 5.5I V30.25

l a 9 3 In other words. the combination ofthe lens and baille chamber increases the light intensity to more than three times the value obtained when the chamber is used alone to restrict the beam to the same cone oi light rays.

The reasons for this optical effect will be apparent from an examination of Figs. 18 and 19 which show, repectively, a simple chamber formed by walls Il, and a lens 39 acrossl the end of a shorter chamber formed by walls 3l. I'he beam of light represented by parallel rays d, e, f is inclined at somewhat less than the maximum permitted angle a which is indicated, as before, by ray a. When the lens is not present, only the portion 4l oi' the total beam width 42 falls uponlthe cell C, at region 4l', Eig. 18, but with the lens l0, all oi the rays are collected and reach the cell. Ray f is sharply refracted by the lens in accordance with the sine law of refraction or spherical aberration of the lens so that even the lower part oi the beam 42 is conducted. to the cell. It is usually desirable to have the lens of the same size as the cell as it is convenient to use a cylindrical chamber. 'I'he lens may be o! somewhat larger diameter, but, preferably, should not be .ofsubstantially smaller size if the requirements oi' small size and large current output are to be satisiled. The lens is of less size than those required to focus an image on the cell, and the chamber length is much shorter than in the prior constructions, i. e., of a length less than the diameter of the lens. Damage to the cell is l'prevented by locating the cell in front of the local plane oi' the lens as it is impossible to concentrate sunlightl on the cell surface.

One practical embodiment of the invention is shown in Fig. 20. The lens 39 is carried by a tube 43 which telescopes over the tubular shell 44 in which a measuring instrument 45 is mounted. False indications due to a failure to move the ylens outward into predetermined relation to the stationary cell C are avoided by an automatic switch which breaks the circuit between cell C and the instrument except when the tube 43 is fully extended. As illustrated, the switch may include a spring contact' 46 which moves outward to engage contact 48' as soon as the tube 43 clears the buttcn 41 that is mounted on the contact 4l.

The photometer shown in Fig. 21 is of compact size, as compared with prior tubular shield constructions, due both'to the use of lens 38 with the chamber walls 38 and to the location of cell C within the circular magnet 48 of the measuring instrument. The moving coil 49 of the instrument carries the pointer 50 which moves v over a scale plate il, and the entire assembly is housed within the instrument casing 52.

The front view of the instruments shown in Figs. 20 and 21 may be substantially the same as that illustrated in Fig. 12.

- Although thedevices according to the invention are particularly important for application cone of rays of a deflnite magnitude, for example for luxineters.

lThis application is a continuation-impart oi my copending applications-Ser. No. 728,573, nled June 1, 193i, on which Patent No. 2,067,843 has i been issued, and Ser; No. 747,463, illed Oct.` 8.

dit

So far as I am aware, it is broadly new to restrict the angular spread of the cone of light rays reaching the cell oi' a photometer by means or an optical system which does not produce an image upon the cell, and it is also new to use such an optical system in combination with a mechanical light-intercepting baille of either the single or multiple la f' ber type. It is therefore to be understood that the several embodiments oi the invention herein illustrated and described are typical oi the invention but that various changes may be made in the physical design and relationship of the parts without departing iro the spirit oi my invention as set forth in the following claims. M

l claim:

I l. lin a photometer of the type including a photocell and a galvanometer, the combination with a chamber donned by a substantially tubular wall, a photoelectric cell extending substantially completely across the inner end of the chamber, and a lens at the open iront end of said chamber and cooperating with said chamber wall to restrict the angular spread of light rays reaching said cell, said chamber having a length substantially less than the focal length of said lens, 1whereby said photocell is'located substantially infront or the focal plane oi the lens.

2. it. photometer as claimed in claim l, wherein said lens cornisesv a single non-aplanatic lens.

t. lin an iran electrical measuring instrument, and a photo.- electric cell, oi wall means denning a tubular chamber having a cross-section conforming substantially to the size and shape of that portion oi the cell which is to be illuminated, said cell extending acrossthe tubular chamber at a point spaced from the open end thereof, and a lens at the outer en d of said chamber, said lens having a local plane which lies substantially beyond said cell.

4. An exposure meter as claimed in claim 3, wherein said lens is a single non-aplanatic lens having a diameter substantially greaterthan the length of said chamber.

` 5. An exposure meter as claimed in claim 3, wherein said tubular chamber is slidably mounted to telescope upon said measlulng instrument, and said cell is supported in xed position with l respectto said measuring instrument.

..1 meter, the combination wan 6. An exposure meter comprising a casing having an opening at opposite faces thereof, an

electrical measuring instrument completely enclosed within said casing and including a permanent magnet and a moving coil system, a pointer carried by said movable coil system, a scale visible through one casing opening for cooperation with said pointer, a photoelectric cell positioned within said casing adjacent the side of said scale plate opposite the sight opening therefor, said cell being adjacent and substantially surrounded by said magnet, and a lens at the other casing opening 'to restrict the angular spread of light rays reaching the cell through said other opening to a predetermined value, said lens being spaced lfromsaid cell by a distance substantially less than the`A focal length of said lens.

7. A photoelectric photometer having a casing, anda chamber provided with. a photocell on its bottom and carrying a lens in its front opening,

and a galvanometer, such chamber being made in the shape oi a tube, and said tube being made slidable backwards and forwards upon said casing, thereby allowing the lens carried by said tube to be brought into proper position, and a switch device in the nature of a button on the wall of said casing and adapted to automatically close the electric circuit between the ammeter when said tube with the lens is pulled out, and to automatically disconnect the circuit oi the ammeter when said tube with the lens is pushed back.

d. A photoelectric meter comprising a casing having opening at opposite faces thereof, an electricalmeasuring instrument-having a scale and pointer adjacent one iace oi the .casing and visible through the opening thereof, a moving coil system supporting said pointer, a permanent magnet having a gap in which said moving coil is pivoted, a tubular chamber within said casing and extending into said magnet from the opening at the other face ci" said casing, a photocell at the base of said chamber, and a lens extending across the outer end of said chamber, said lens having a iocal length substantially greater than the length oi said chamber. I

9. An electrical exposure meter assembly adapted to be mounted on a camera, said assembly comprising an electrical measuring instinment, a plurality oi photoelectric cells oi the current generating-type, circuit elements for connecting the several cells in parallel to said instrument, and means cooperating with said cells to form a plurality of photocell units for separate mounting in spaced relation on theiront wall of a camera; said means including for each photocell unit a tubular chamber having the associated cell extending substantially completely across the inner end oi the chamber, and a lens at the open front end of the chamber, said lens having a focal length substantially greater than the lengthof the chamber.

HANS FERDINAND TNNms.

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